How to Install Dotenv in Node.js

The dotenv module helps manage environment variables in Node.js. It loads variables from a .env file into process.env. This keeps sensitive data secure.

Why Use Dotenv?

Storing credentials in code is unsafe. Dotenv lets you keep secrets in a separate file. This file is ignored by Git. It prevents accidental exposure of API keys or passwords.

If you work with APIs, check our guide on installing Axios in Node.js. It pairs well with dotenv.

Prerequisites

Before installing dotenv, ensure you have:

• Node.js installed on your system
• npm (comes with Node.js)
• A Node.js project setup

Install Dotenv

Open your terminal in the project folder. Run this command:

 
npm install dotenv

This adds dotenv to your node_modules folder. It also updates package.json.

Basic Usage

Create a .env file in your project root. Add your variables like this:

DB_HOST=localhost
DB_USER=root
DB_PASS=s1mpl3

In your Node.js file, require and configure dotenv:

require('dotenv').config();

console.log(process.env.DB_HOST); // Output: localhost

localhost

Advanced Configuration

You can specify a custom path for your .env file:

require('dotenv').config({ path: '/custom/path/.env' });

For larger apps, consider using Express with dotenv. They work well together.

Common Errors

If you see "Cannot find module", check our guide on fixing missing modules.

Ensure your .env file is in the root directory. Node.js looks for it there by default.

Best Practices

Follow these tips for better security:

• Add .env to your .gitignore file
• Never commit sensitive data to version control
• Use different .env files for development and production

Conclusion

Dotenv simplifies environment management in Node.js. It keeps your credentials secure and separate from code. The setup is quick and improves project security.

For more Node.js tips, explore our other tutorials. Learn to handle modules and errors like a pro.